This book is a truly impressive analysis of election violence from 1980 to 2013 in Zimbabwe, drawing on a rich array of qualitative data. Vimbai Chaumba Kwashirai shows how the organization of violence in past elections, together with shifts in Zimbabwe’s political, economic, and social landscape, influenced the nature of violence in later elections. For scholars of election violence, three important theoretical insights point to promising avenues for future research. For one, the goals and targeting of violence perpetrated by the ruling party shifted over time as the political environment changed, which itself was also influenced by election violence. Whereas earlier elections were influenced by what the author calls ‘wartime residual violence’, violence in later elections was shaped by ethnic tensions, inter-party competition, and intra-party rivalry. These dynamics, in turn, had consequences for where violence occurred and who was targeted. Second, the ruling party’s use of violence in earlier elections shaped the decisions of opposition parties to engage in its own form of violence in later elections. This suggests that political parties observe and learn from past elections, updating their beliefs about the most effective strategies for building political power. Lastly, the book draws attention to how citizens have shifted their own strategies of political and civic organizing in reaction to election violence. Rather than retreat from politics, many remain resolutely committed to democracy and human rights, and their mobilization strategies reflect the ever-changing political environment. In sum, the book shows that rather than study electoral cycles as independent observations, there is much to be learned from examining how violence in earlier elections, along with other factors, influence violence in later elections.